Abstract
Two discourses frame the pastoral profession in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway: one is the professional, which emphasises religion, while the other is organisational and foregrounds management. This article explores interactions, between pastors and a dean, that are situated on the boundaries of these two discourses. From the theoretical perspective of institutional boundary work, I analyse a case study that highlights observational data, and in particular, meetings and performance appraisal interviews with pastors. The research question is as follows: How do interactions between pastors and deans serve as spaces for discursive boundary work by the pastoral profession? As the church aligns itself with modern work organisations, the findings show how the clergy construct themselves and their work by drawing on both discourses. This article discusses how pastoral work is perceived discursively as both a modern occupation and also a religious profession through efforts that can be described as competitive, collaborative and configurational boundary work. Interactions constitute a space where the actors work for, at and through these boundaries by negotiating their core work, relationships and theology.
References
Abbott, A. (1988). The System of Professionals. An Essay on the Division of Expert Labour. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226189666.001.0001
Aldridge, M., and Evetts, J. (2003). Rethinking the concept of professionalism: The case of journalism, The British journal of sociology, 54(4), 547-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0007131032000143582
Alvesson, M., and Karreman, D. (2000). Varieties of discourse: On the study of organizations through discourse analysis, Human Relations, 53(9), 1125-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726700539002
Anteby, M., Chan, C. K., and DiBenigno, J. (2016). Three lenses on occupations and professions in organizations: Becoming, doing, and relating, The Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 183-244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/19416520.2016.1120962
Askeland, H. (2016). Reforming the Pastoral Managerial Structure in the Church of Norway. In H. Askeland, U. Schmidt, (eds.), Church reform and leadership of change (p. 92-116), Eugene: Pickwick Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1p5f1zq.11
Beckford, J. A. (1985) Cult controversies: The societal response to new religious movements. London: CUP Archive.
Blizzard, S. W. (1956). The Minister`s Dilemma, Christian Century, 73, 508-10.
Bucher, S. V., Chreim, S., Langley, A., and Reay, T. (2016). Contestation about collaboration: discursive boundary work among professions, Organization Studies, 37(4), 497-522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615622067
Chaves, M. (1993). Intraorganizational power and internal secularization in Protestant denominations, American Journal of Sociology, 99(1), 1-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/230228
Clifton, J. (2012). Conversation analysis in dialogue with stocks of interactional knowledge: Facework and appraisal interviews, The Journal of Business Communication (1973), 49(4), 283-311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021943612436974
Evetts, J. (2009). New professionalism and new public management: Changes, continuities and consequences, Comparative sociology, 8(2), 247-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156913309X421655
Evetts, J. (2011). A new professionalism? Challenges and opportunities, Current sociology, 59(4), 406-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392111402585
Garud, R., Gehman, J., and Karunakaran, A. (2014). Boundaries, breaches, and bridges: The case of Climategate, Research Policy, 43(1), 60-73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.07.007
Gieryn, T. F. (1983). Boundary-work and the demarcation of sience from non-science: Strains and interests in professional ideologies of scientists, American Sociological Review, 48(6), 781-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095325
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
Hinings, C., and Raynard, M. (2014). Organizational form, structure, and religious organizations, in P. Tracey, N. Phillips and M. Lounsbury (eds.) Religion and organization theory, pp. 159-86. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20140000041013
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative health research, 15(9), 1277-1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Huse, M. (1999). Prosten: ansvar, arbeidssituasjon og ledelse. Trondheim: Tapir.
Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E., Sheep, M. L., Smith, B. R., and Kataria, N. (2015). Elasticity and the dialectic tensions of organizational identity: How can we hold together while we are pulling apart? Academy of management journal, 58(4), 981-1011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0462
Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., and Sheep, M. L. (2006). On the edge of identity: Boundary dynamics at the interface of individual and organizational identities, Human Relations, 59(10), 1315-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726706071525
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Det kvalitative forskningsintervju. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
Lamont, M., and Molnar, V. (2002). The study of symbolic boundaries, Annual review of sociology, 28, 167-95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107
Langley, A., Lindberg, K., Mørk, B. E., Nicolini, D., Raviola, E., and Walter, L. (2019). Boundary Work among Groups, Occupations, and Organizations: From Cartography to Process, Academy of Management annals, 13(2), 704-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0089
Langley, A., and Tsoukas, H. (eds.) (2016) The SAGE handbook of process organization studies. London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473957954
Lawrence, T., and Suddaby, R. (2006) ‘Institutions and institutional work’, In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. Lawrence, and W. R. Nord (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, pp. 215-54. London: Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608030.n7
McClure, B. (2014) ‘Pastoral Care’, In B. J. Miller-Mc-Lemore (ed.), Practical Theology, pp. 269-78. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons Ldt.
Meier, N. (2015). Collaboration in healthcare through boundary work and boundary objects. Qualitative Sociology Review, 11(3), 60-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.11.3.05
Meinecke, A. L., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., and Kauffeld, S. (2017). What happens during annual appraisal interviews? How leader–follower interactions unfold and impact interview outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(7), 1054-74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000219
Meyer, J. W., & Bromley, P. (2013). The worldwide expansion of “organization”, Sociological Theory, 31(4), 366-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275113513264
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
Mintzberg, H. (1979) The structuring of organization. A synthesis of the research. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Molander, A., & Terum, L. I. (Eds.). (2008). Profesjonsstudier. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Murray, F. (2010). The oncomouse that roared: Hybrid exchange strategies as a source of distinction at the boundary of overlapping institutions, American Journal of Sociology, 116(2), 341-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/653599
Muzio, D., Brock, D. M., and Suddaby, R. (2013). Professions and institutional change: Towards an institutionalist sociology of the professions, Journal of management studies, 50(5), 699-721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12030
Nicolini, D. (2012) Practice theory, work, and organization: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University press.
Noordegraaf, M. (2015). Hybrid professionalism and beyond: (New) Forms of public professionalism in changing organizational and societal contexts, Journal of professions and organization, 2(2): 187-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jov002
Phillips, N., and Lawrence, T. B. (2012). The turn to work in organization and management theory: Some implications for strategic organization, Strategic Organization, 10(3): 223-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127012453109
Quick, K. S., & Feldman, M. S. (2014). Boundaries as junctures: Collaborative boundary work for building efficient resilience. Journal of public administration research and theory, 24(3), 673-695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mut085
Schmidt, U. (2016). Church reforms and public reforms. In H. Askeland, U. Schmidt, (eds.), Church reform and leadership of change (s. 38–55), Eugene: Pickwick Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1p5f1zq.8
Scott, W. R. (2014). Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests and identity. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.172.0136
Sirris, S. (2016). Arbeidsdager mellom profesjon, ledelse og organisasjon. Soknepresters tidsbruk og aktivitetsmønstre, Teologisk Tidsskrift, 4(01): 60-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1893-0271-2016-01-05
Sirris, S. (2018). Generalistledelse fremfor fagledelse i Den norske kirke?, Teologisk Tidsskrift, 7(01),: 25-45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1893-0271-2018-01-03
Sirris, S. (2019). “The pastors’ dilemma” revisited. Religious leaders connecting the spiritual and organizational realms through conceptual work, Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 16(3): 290-313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2019.1574599
Sirris, S., Lindheim, T., & Askeland, H. (2022). Observation and Shadowing: Two Methods to Research Values and Values Work in Organisations and Leadership. In Espedal, G., Løvaas, B. J., Sirris, S. and Wæraas, A. (eds). Researching Values: Methodological Approaches for Understanding Values Work in Organisations and Leadership (pp. 133-151). Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90769-3_8
Sirris, S., & Andersson, T. (2023). Collegiality as institutional work: Collegial meeting practices among Norwegian pastors. Journal of Professions and Organization, joad015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/joad015
Sirris, S. (2023). Old Wine in New Wineskins: Professionalism and Managerialism in the Performance Appraisal Interviews of Pastors in the Church of Norway. Professions and Professionalism, 13(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7577/pp.5263
Stifoss-Hanssen, H., Angell, O. H., Askeland, H., Schmidt, U., Urstad, S., and Kinserdal, F. (2013) Ny organisering av prestetjenesten ("Prostereformen") - evaluering. Oslo: Diakonhjemmet høgskole.
Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (1999). Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations: Executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958–1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 801-843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/210361
Zietsma, C., and Lawrence, T. B. (2010). Institutional work in the transformation of an organizational field: The interplay of boundary work and practice work, Administrative science quarterly, 55(2), 189-221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2010.55.2.189
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Stephen Sirris